Tämän päivän viimeinen teksti:
Henry Kissinger kuoli 100-vuotiaana viime viikolla. Helsingin Sanomat julkaisi poikkeuksellisesti peräti kaksi juttua Kissingeristä verisenä päätöksentekijänä ja hirveyksiä tehneenä rauhan nobelistina (Vesa Siren 30.11 ja Pekka Mykkänen 3.12)
Kissinger oli tunnettu kansainvälisen politiikan ja poliittisen historian tutkija, jota on tutkijana arvostettu hyvin korkealle. Lisäksi hän oli varsin vaikutusvaltainen taustavaikuttaja ja neuvonantaja ulkoasiainhallinnossa. Ja toimi jopa ulkoministerinä useita vuosia. Kun hän oli vahvimmillaan, arvioitiin, että hän olisi menestynyt presidentinvaaleissakin, jos olisi ollut syntyperäinen Yhdysvaltojen kansalainen.
Kissinger sai Nobelin rauhanpalkinnon saadessaan aikaan Vietnamin sodan päättymiseen johtaneet neuvottelut – tosin tästä ansiosta on kiistelty paljon sen jälkeen, koska ansio ei ollut ongelmaton eikä täysin puhdas. Toinen ja kiistatta näyttävä saavutus oli Yhdysvaltojen ja Kiinan lähentyminen, minkä prosessin Kissinger onnistui aloittamaan ja siten vaikuttamaan merkittävällä tavalla maailmanpolitiikan asetelmiin ja Neuvostoliiton vaikutusvallan rajoittamiseen.
Ansioiden rinnalla kulkee kuitenkin toinen, synkkä tarina. Kissinger sai aikaan toimia, joiden tuloksena surmattiin miljoonia ihmisiä. Vietnamin sodan aikana hän vaikutti ja suorastaan valtuutti Kambodzhan ja Laosin massiivisiin pommituksiin. Kambodzhassa seurauksena oli hyvin vaarallinen kehitys, punakhmeerien ja Pol Potin valtaannousu ja heidän toimeenpanemansa kansamurha. Myös muualla tapahtui: Kissingerin ohjauksessa Pakistan toimeenpani verilöylyn itsenäistymiseen pyrkineessä Itä-Pakistanissa, josta kehittyi lopulta itsenäinen uusi valtio, Bangladesh. Indonesiassa Kissinger ideoi 1975 kommunistien kukistamisen (käytännössä CIA:n avulla), kuolleita arvioidaan olleen 1–3 miljoonaa. Myöhemminkin Kissingerillä oli sormet pelissä Itä-Timorin vapausliikkeen vainossa, se päättyi lopulta Ahtisaaren neuvottelemaan rauhaan.
Tässä ei ole tarpeen käydä näitä asioita yksityiskohtaisesti, Helsingin Sanomat on sen tehnyt kattavasti ja tarkasti. Yhdysvalloissa Kissingeriä yritettiin saada oikeuteen kansanmurhasta, mutta sikäläinen kansanliike ei onnistunut pyrkimyksessään. Kissingerillä oli suojelijoita sekä Yhdysvalloissa että muissakin maissa. Kuten Pekka Mykkänen artikkelissan sanoo osuvasti, Kissingerin tapaus osoittaa että jotkut saavat tekemistään hirveyksistä tuomion ja jotkut Nobelin rauhanpalkinnon. Kissingerin kaltaisia tapauksia tosin ei taida olla hänen lisäkseen kovinkaan monta, jos yhtään.
Tässä minua kiinnostaa Kissingerin tapauksen paljastama kaksinaismoraali. Se tulee usein esille kun puhutaan sotarikoksista tai rikoksista ihmisyyttä vastaan tai jopa kansanmurhista. Tuomioita annetaan yleensä kamppailujen vastapuolelle ja tietenkin voittajat jakavat niitä mieluusti hävinneille.
Toisen maailmansodan sotarikosoikeudenkäynnit Saksassa ja Japanissa edustivat voittajan oikeutta, samoin Suomessa käyty sotasyyllisyysoikeudenkäynti. Saksassa ja Japanissa syytettynä oli pääsääntöisesti kiistattomia sotarikollisia, Suomessa sotasyyllisyys oli enemmän valikoiva ja avoimesti poliittinen kysymys. Neuvostoliittoa olisi voinut ja pitänyt syyttää Talvisodan aloittamisesta, mutta Neuvostoliitto oli maailmansodan voittajavaltioita, Suomi puolestaan (jatko)sodan hävinnyt ja tilapäisesti miehitetty valtio.
Kiinnostavinta kaksinaismoralismi on kuitenkin meidän aikanamme. On varmuudella kiistatonta, että Venäjä pyrki ja pyrkii käyttämään sotaa politiikan välineenä ja sen joukot ovat syyllistyneet sotarikoksiin. Putinin vangitsemismääräys on sekin perusteltu, ja syyllisyys tulisi ratkaista kansainvälisessä rikostuomioistuimessa.
Mutta: entä jotkut muut maat kuten esimerkiksi Yhdysvallat ja Israel, tai vaikkapa Saudi-Arabia Jemenissä? Sinkoilevatko kaikenlaiset syytökset niitä vastaan ja onko suhtautuminen Yhdysvaltoihin samanlaista kuin suhtautuminen Venäjään?
Suomessa esitetään helposti kritiikkiä esimerkiksi siitä, että Venäjä on saanut pysyä YK:N turvallisuusneuvoston jäsenenä ja toimia vuorollaan sen puheenjohtajanakin julmasta hyökkäyssodastaan huolimatta. Monen mielestä Venäjä pitäisi erottaa turvallisuusneuvostosta ja mieluiten koko YK:sta. Olisiko se järkevää (Kansainliiton kokemukset muistaen), on asia erikseen. Mutta miksei samaa hälinää ole koskaan pidetty silloin, kun Yhdysvallat on käynyt julmaa sotaa kaukana omalta maaperältään esimerkiksi Vietnamissa, Afganistanissa ja Irakissa. Ainakaan Suomessa en muista yhtään samanlaista vaatimusta, mikä on kohdistettu Venäjään.
Entä sodasta kuuluvan vastuun langettaminen tavallisille kansalaisille? Venäläisten sanotaan olevan vastuussa valtion aloittamasta hyökkäyssodasta Ukrainassa. Ja sillä perustella venäläinen ei ole tervetullut mihinkään globaalin lännen valtakuntaan, ei musisoimaan eikä urheilemaan. Olympialiikkeestäkin venäläiset urheilijat tulee karsia pois. Onko samaa menettelyä koskaan sovellettu amerikkalaisiin rokkareihin, yliopistotutkijoihin, CIA:n agentteihin, tai urheilijoihin? Onko englannin puhuminen Suomessa yhtä suuri rikos kuin venäjän puhuminen Suomessa? Onko englannin (amerikanenglannin) opiskelu Suomessa yhtä tuomittavaa kuin venäjän opiskelu (vaikka opiskelijana olisi Ukrainan kansalainen). Onko ”venäläisessä” ravintolassa syöminen yhtä suuri synti kuin McDonaldissa syöminen?
Koska tämä on vain kahden HS-artikkelin muistiinmerkintää, kysymykseni kaksoisstandardista on tässä vaiheessa varsin yleispiirteinen. Tapauksia on varmasti syytä tarkastella yksityiskohtaisemmin. Alustavasti kuitenkin näyttäisi siltä, että Orwellin usein mainitsema tapa tuomita vastapuolen teot julmuuksina ja hyväksyä samanlaiset oman puolen teot sankaruutena on varsin yleinen käytäntö.
Ja lopuksi: tässä ilmiössä kiinnostavaa on erityisesti se, miksi suomalinen ihminen ottaa kantaa pikkuasioihin ja sotiin syyllisten maiden kansalaisiin tämän varsin valikoivan käytännön mukaisesti. Jos on olemassa jokin normi tai sääntö, eikö sitä pitäisi soveltaa kaikkiin tapauksiin samalla tavoin? Toki tapaus tapaukselta yksityiskohdat ja mahdolliset tosiasiat huomioon ottaen, sekin on mahdollista, että tapaukset ovat aidosti erilaisia. Ja sekin on mahdollista, että suomalainen tuomion julistaja ei yksinkertaisesti tiedä yhtään mitään kohteena olevasta asiasta sen yksityiskohdista puhumattakaan. Tuomioita julistettaessa puhuja usein kertoo itsestään ja tunteistaan, ei siitä, minkä on niin kärkäs tuomitsemaan.
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